About the Ionosphere

• What is the Ionosphere?

• "Amateurs detect effects on Earth". Sky and Telescope, 109, (2005 May). Available at ProQuest

• Contreira, D., Rodrigues F. S., Makita K., and Brum, C. G. (2004). "An experiment to study solar flare effects on radio-communication signals". Advances in Space Research, 36(12), 2455-2459.

• K. Davies, Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1990. Mostly deals with HF but has a chapter on LF, VLF, and ELF. He provides a general discussion of propagation and then ends up with: "More detailed treatments require extensive use of large computer programs." High school students might find the presentation in this book scary.

• J. K. Hargreaves, The Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Cambridge, 1992. This is a good survey of everything sun to earth. Math is mostly incidental, and you can get the idea by reading the text and studying the figures. Short discussion of VLF (3.5.3) for remote sensing.

• R. A. Helliwell, Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena, Dover, 1965 (reprinted 2006.) This reprint mostly deals with "natural radio" but has some relevant discussion on earth-ionosphere waveguide propagation. Some terminology is a bit dated. Aimed at a grad student audience.

• R. D. Hunsucker, Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere, Springer-Verlag, 1991. There is a brief discussion of VLF techniques in chapter 9. Background information is more grad student oriented.

• Khanal, S. (2004), "The Effect of Solar Flares on the VLF Radio Waves Transmitted in the Ionosphere"; http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/docs/effect-of-flares.ppt

• Leary, W. E. "Scientists say next solar cycle will be stronger but delayed;" New York Times (2006, March 6)

• Peter N., "In Iraq, solar storms play havoc with communication;" Christian Science Monitor, p. 15. (2003, March 3)

• Radio Frequency. In Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum; Wikipedia Foundation, Inc..

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